Which of the following is NOT a factor enhancing groundwater recharge?

Impervious surfaces are materials that do not allow water to infiltrate the ground, such as concrete and asphalt. This characteristic inhibits the process of groundwater recharge because rainwater cannot permeate through these surfaces and instead runs off into drains or water bodies.

In contrast, increased vegetation typically helps enhance groundwater recharge as plants facilitate water infiltration through their root systems. Soil permeability is a crucial factor for recharge because it determines how easily water can pass through the soil layer. Rainfall intensity also plays a role; heavy rainfall can lead to higher amounts of water percolating into the ground, especially if the soil is permeable. Hence, among the given options, impervious surfaces are the only factor that detracts from groundwater recharge.